Business Management

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Adoption of benchmarking by Kenyan and South African electricity sectors and its impact on small, micro and medium enterprises (SMMEs)
(2012) Wabuyabo, Okonga Brigitte Mukabana; Contogiannis, E.; Kaseeram, I.
The current study aimed at establishing the impact of the adoption of benchmarking strategy in the Kenyan and South African electricity sectors, first on KPLC and Eskom and second, on the Small, Micro and Medium Enterprises (SMMEs) of the two countries. It focused on critically analysing the positive and negative factors that may have influenced the adoption of this strategy by KPLC and Eskom. The second objective was to gain a comparative understanding of the nature of the overall relationship between the outputs of these electricity sectors and those of the businesses which rely on electricity, represented by the manufacturing sectors of Kenya and South Africa, respectively. In addition it aimed to establish if there were other adoptions of benchmarking strategy used by global electricity sectors that could be adopted by KPLC and Eskom to enhance positive impact. The research was motivated by the various electricity consumers’ complaints against KPLC and Eskom. Both sectors, like many others in developing economies, have faced consumer complaints in relation to high and frequent increases in electricity tariffs and prolonged and sometimes, unplanned power outages. This could have negatively affected the economies of these countries in general and the economic well-being of the SMMEs in particular. The recurrence of the blackouts which the researcher assumed to represent the level of efficiency of power supply was used to indicate the sectors’ service quality. Majority of the SMMEs interviewed indicated such problems as wastage of merchandises, loss of work-time, conflicts with clients and therefore, loss of business opportunities and generally resulting in inefficient business operation. The results from the manufacturing sector also indicated that losses were experienced as a result of the outages. For example, the study established that a 1% rise in kWh of electricity production resulted in a 48% rise in galvanised sheeting output, per month. Therefore, a 1% drop in the supply of electricity would therefore lead to a 48% drop in galvanized sheeting production per month. These losses were supported by earlier documented evidence. For example, Eberhard et al., (2008: 4) argue that rampant power outages result in extensive damage and losses with the informal sector experiencing as high as 16% loss in their income. However, it is worth pointing out that despite the consumer complaints, the presence of electricity was noted to have enhanced the efficiency and effectiveness with which the SMMEs and the manufacturing sectors ran their businesses. In fact, a majority of SMMEs interviewed indicated that it was difficult to start and or run a business without relying on electricity. The study recommended that the electricity sectors need to benchmark other countries that appear to have achieved higher rates of national electrification on global perspective. Such countries as Tunisia, Algeria, Egypt and Libya have achieved almost 100% national electrification level. However, as much as there were consumer complaints in Kenya and in South Africa, the latter had attained higher levels of national electrification as compared to the former. South Africa’s level of national electrification stands at 70% as of 2011 (Sub-Saharan Africa Power Outlook, 2011: 4). Kenya is said to have always battled with national electrification levels lower than those of sab-Saharan Africa which are the lowest in the world. For example, Abdullaha and Markandya, (2010) reveal that in 2000, these rates were 42% for Kenya and 51% for sub-Saharan Africa. This scenario points to the fact that in many ways, KPLC needs to benchmark Eskom in several ways. For example, Kenya’s tariffs are much higher than those of Eskom and this is occasioned by the fact that whereas as KPLC relies heavily on hydro-electric generation, Eskom relies more on nuclear and renewable source of electricity. This research also advocated for special tariffs for SMMEs considering their contribution to their countries’ economy. The SMMEs were noted to be efficient sources of employment and producers of some of the inputs required by larger companies. Therefore, this study recommended that the governments and their stakeholders like KPLC and Eskom needed to support SMMEs. In addition, this study suggested several other ways through which the sustainability of SMMEs can be guaranteed. Such initiatives as Public-Private-Partnership (PPP), Inter-enterprise Self-Help Programmes and incorporation of the education sector in support of growth and development of SMMEs were suggested. Similarly, this advocacy springs from the fact that the SMMEs operate a highly competitive environment, while KPLC and Eskom enjoy “natural” monopoly and also enjoy the benefits of economies of scale since they are large companies as opposed to SMMEs, which are small enterprises.
Black economic empowerment in Richards bay:challenges and lessons for small businesses
(University of Zululand, 2014) Dlamini, P.B; Contogiannis, E.; Van Heerden, C.J.
Since 1994 the South African government introduced legislation to provide new economic opportunities to all people in South Africa, particularly those who were previously disadvantaged. Black Economic Empowerment was introduced to substantially increase the number of Black people having ownership and control in enterprises and especially in the priority sectors identified by the government. Promotion of small businesses is a key element in the government’s strategy of addressing the imbalances of the past and to create employment and income generation. The purpose of the study is to find out about the Black Economic Empowerment (BEE) progress in the fertilizer value chain in Richards Bay, the challenges they are facing and the lessons they have learned. A major focus of the section on Black Economic Empowerment (BEE) was the codes governing qualifying small businesses in Richards Bay and to also find out what people think about Black Economic Empowerment (BEE). Based on the findings the study reveals that the majority of BEE has a positive impact on small businesses in Richards Bay. Most of small business owners or managers have a little bit of understanding about BEE. Practical recommendations were made to guide and support small business and encourage them to be registered and have the Black Economic Empowerment certificate, and comply at least with two of the seven elements.
A communications profile of a large sugar factory in Northern Natal
(1988) Gasa, Nhlanhla A.; Zondi, S.J.
A critical study of the communication problems at Mill F originated with the concern expressed by top management of the T-H company. These problems could be viewed against the rapid changes in the socio-political environment. The continual socio-political/ economic and technological changes result in a continual change in expectations and aspirations at certain levels of the work force. The lack of open sharing of the respective perceptions of Management and the workforce create a wide cleavage between the two groups leading to strained interpersonal and inter-group communications relationships in the workplace. The realisation of organisational goals and objectives becomes difficult to achieve in an environment characterised by diverse perceptions and attitudes. As the management/ worker relations become weaker, the union/worker relations become stronger. This situation is by no means unique in South Africa. A comparative study of the South African and Australian industrial relations systems had a remarkable thing in common - socio-political issues cannot be "divorced" from the workplace. The industrial relations systems and practices need to be understood within the framework of respective histories/ as well as economic, socio-political and legal systems of different countries. The Australian multiracial/ multilinguistic and multicultural society had one noticeable exception from its South African counterpart. The human relations climate on the shopfloor is relatively tension-free. The research findings are based on a stratified sample of 387 respondents from managerial/ supervisory and non-supervisory levels who participated in the research interviews out of a total of 526 employees. The communication structures/ processes and relationships were perceived by all levels of employees to be ineffective/ albeit for different reasons. Other non-communication related issues were raised which indicated that communication cannot be looked at in isolation. It was concluded that not only were the communication structures ineffective/ but also, the communication climate was tense due to perceived lack of trust and sincerity at various levels. Guidelines were suggested for improving communication. A holistic communication strategy which will be part of the manpower policy was developed with the management team in order for them to have 'ownership' of the document. Recommendations for future research that cover the broader human relations aspects were put forward.
A comparative investigation into the applicability of gain-sharing programmes for the improvement of productivity in the automotive sector of South Africa
(2009) Zondo, Robert Walter Dumisani; Nel, K.A.; Contogiannis, E.; Kaseeram, I.
Productivity has generated tremendous interest among economists. South Africa lacks both short and long-term growth in productivity. This includes commitment and participation in productivity initiatives at shop floor level and companies are faced with the challenge of promoting competition and innovation in productivity improvement amongst employees. South Africa’s labour productivity, in the manufacturing sector, is low when compared to Korea, the United States of America (USA), Taiwan, Japan, France and the United Kingdom (UK). It has increasingly been recognised, that by introducing a carefully crafted incentive scheme, it may be possible to induce South African workers to work both harder and smarter using existing technologies in new and better ways to enhance their productivity. Gain-sharing could be an appropriate method as has been the experience of industry in the USA and parts of Europe. The literature review defines gainsharing is a formula-based company-wide programme that provides for employees to share in the financial gains of a company as a result of its improved performance. It is a monetary reward that helps boosts a company’s productivity and radically reduces the cost of waste, spoilage, rejects, and rework. It can be used to replace bonus piecework schemes where quality is lost to quantity. The study focuses on gainsharing, given the low productivity level in the South African automotive parts-manufacturing industries. It is a comparative study and investigates the applicability of gainsharing programme for the improvement of productivity in this sector. Study objectives were achieved by examining the production and related experience of Company A and COMPANY B. These two automotive parts-manufacturing companies have adopted gainsharing strategy. The second objective of the study assessed whether gainsharing or other control variables are responsible for company productivity improvements. The research established that gainsharing improves productivity and reduces spoilage and absenteeism rates. Employees and management have gained confidence on gainsharing programme. Participants feel that de-layering, trade union participation, company age, ongoing training and equipment upgrade also play an important role in productivity improvement.
A comparative study of challenges faced by women in leadership: a case of Foskor and the Department of Labour in Mhlathuze Municipality
(University of Zululand, 2013) Maseko, Thembelihle Innocentia; Contogiannis, E.; Isike, C.
This study is a comparative investigation of challenges faced by women in leadership/management in the public and private sector, using Foskor and the Department of Labour in Mhlathuze Municipality as a case analysis. Literature was sourced to support the study from the following areas: gender equity in leadership positions, gender and leadership in South Africa, gender inequality in management: globally and in South Africa, affirmative action and discrimination within organization, gender differences in leadership, gender stereotype, challenges to women in leadership, inequity in education, recruitment, employment and advancement, government policies supporting and promoting status and welfare, black women in management facing dual challenges, mentoring, and key issues pertaining to women in management. The theoretical framework used for this research was the transformational leadership. A descriptive design grounded on qualitative approach of interviews was used to elicit data from respondents with a sample size of 30. The method of data analysis was the use of SPSS and content. Based on analysed data, the following findings were reached: from both sectors women are suffering from domestic constraints, psychological factors, pressure at work and home, while some men said that the place for women is the kitchen. Women are suffering from cultural factors as such finding it difficult to take orders from men. There are similar challenges faced by women in both sectors. The findings also indicate that women at Foskor are disproportionally represented, while in the Department of Labour they are proportionally represented. Foskor needs to follow the Employment Equity Act in terms of balancing gender in the working environment. From the foregoing findings, several recommendations were attained such as: that recruitment, selection and placement in organisation should avoid tokenistic patterns. When advertising for posts, organisations need to adhere to the Employment Equity Act. Organisations should restructure their framework to avoid favouritism.
Compensation structure and employee commitment: the case of academics at a comprehensive tertiary institution
(University of Zululand, 2019) Ngxito, Nomfundiselo Constance
Compensation is a complex concept which is influenced by a number of factors. The purpose of the study was to evaluate and analyse the effects of the compensation structure on employees’ commitment at the University of Zululand (UNIZULU), which is a comprehensive tertiary institution. It is the observation of this researcher that, based on nine years experience in Human Resources Management at UNIZULU, retaining academic employees at the Institution is challenged by competitorswho are steadily poaching academic employees, resulting in a high turnover over the past few years. In addition, based on this researcher’s engagements with academic employees of UNIZULU, some academics are demoralised which, in turn, affects their performance and commitment towards the institution. This researcher, therefore, saw the need to embark on this study and attempt to make a significant contribution to improving the employee benefits, particularly compensation, at UZ. In addition, this study attempts to generate new knowledge on the impact of a good compensation plan on the commitment and performance level of academic staff of a university. Apart from contributing to literature the study will also contribute to practice and formulate a theory that will promote adequate compensation for academic staff, not only at UNIZULU but generally for the world. Hence, for the purpose of this study, the following factors were considered: the working conditions of employees, lack of company policies, employee remuneration, employee benefits, academic workload, and inadequate resources. The study employed a quantitative data collection approach through which academic staff at UNIZULU were surveyed. From the findings it is recommended that UNIZULUattend to these factors as their abandonment is detrimental to the commitment and retention of the academic staff at UNIZULU.
Compliance with the consumer protection act in South Africa: a case study of retail companies in KwaZulu-Natal
(University of Zululand, 2013) Chirwa, Nathan Boston; Contogiannis, E.
Owners of businesses had different perspectives (particularly retailers) when the Consumer Protection Act was implemented. The majority of them thought that it will pose a threat or risk to many businesses while others thought that it would have a negative impact on the functioning and operation of their businesses. Similarly, others thought it would bring more challenges and few opportunities for ongoing businesses. To maximize full protection of consumers in the market, the Consumer Protect Act imposes heavy administrative fines on improper business conduct, which would put a burden on the businesses. This study seek to find out about the compliance measures taken by the Retail Companies regarding the Consumer Protection Act. Retailers are targeted by disgruntled buyers because they are closer to the consumers than suppliers. Retailers are also the last link in the supply chain of goods and have closer relationship with consumers, hence there is a need to take necessary measures that would reduce or eliminate compliance risks, and that would serve as compliance measures within and beyond retail companies. An exploratory study was conducted through survey instruments in which data was gathered just once in time. Probability stratified random and non-probability purposive sampling was used. A sample of 20 respondents (Managers and Supervisors) was drawn and self-administered questionnaires were given to each respondent. The research findings indicated clearly that the majority of the Retail Companies were complying with the Consumer Protect Act, and they have compliance measures in place. Major findings have revealed that, the old consumer policies (instruments) used in retail companies were outdated and were not functioning in the interest or benefit of the consumer. As a result, they had to implement new instruments that enhanced the functioning of the CPA. Above all, the findings have also shown that, the implementation of the CPA did not have a negative impact on the businesses.
Consumer perceptions towards the marketing of functional foods in the Umhlathuze region
(University of Zululand, 2020) Osunsanmi, Adeshola Sekinat
A healthy lifestyle has been embraced by the populace as a result consumption of healthy food is given prevalence. Consumers nowadays prioritized purchasing healthy foods such as functional foods. To address this issue, greater varieties of healthy foods have been introduced by the food industry to reduce debilitating diseases such as cancer diabetes mellitus, obesity amongst others. In this present study consumer’s perceptions regarding the marketing of functional foods in the uMhlathuze municipality were investigated. A quantitative research method was adopted for this study. Questionnaires were administered to a total number of 384 consumers at Richards bay shopping malls (230) and Empangeni shopping malls (154) respectively. The findings of the study showed that consumers' behaviour towards purchasing functional foods is influenced by the following: advertisements on social media accounts, health benefits of functional foods, health professional’s recommendations, food quality, food price, and family obligation or concerns. Thus, the study recommends that for the food industry to boost their sales and consumers’ acceptability of functional foods, they need to improve the awareness of functional food. This can be done through advertisements, especially on social media accounts such as Google, YouTube, and Facebook as well as providing detailed health benefits of the food by providing this information on the food packages. Also, the food quality should not be compromised and the prices of food should not be unnecessarily hiked up.
Customer satisfaction amongst black customers in the fast food restaurant industry
(2011) Forjoe jnr, Paul; Contogiannis, E.; Williams, A.J.
The purpose of this study was to validate the five dimensions (tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy) of service quality contained in the DINESERV Instrument (Stevens, Knuston, and Patton, 1995), in a fast food restaurant and explore the differences in perceived service quality for customers. The study focused on black consumers as they are the majority race group in South Africa and also considered an important client group to many fast food enterprises. Chicken is the most popular fast food item in South Africa (Euromonitor International, 2005: 1, 6). With KFC being the dominant global player in fast food in South Africa, it was the restaurant of focus where information was collected from. A questionnaire containing the modified DINESERV instrument was distributed to staff and students of the University of Zululand. The questionnaire was provided in both English and Zulu. Cronbach Coefficient Alpha was used to test construct reliability of the DINESRV instrument. ANOVA was used to determine the difference of dimension scores in the five service dimensions. Correlation analysis was used to determine the relationship between customers‟ perceived service quality and characteristics such as gender, age, and education achieved. The results of the questionnaire revealed both the DINSERV instrument and service dimension to be reliable. Responsiveness was regarded the most important dimension of service quality with Assurance being the least. Empathy was shown to be the most important dimension of the dining experience. Black consumers in the Umhlathuzi Municipality believe that empathy is the dimension that fast food restaurants are least successful in achieving when compared to the other dimensions. Also it was found that black customers of the Umhlathuzi Municipality visit chicken restaurants because of the taste that chicken restaurants create, variety of menu and value for money. The author recommends that chicken fast food restaurants consider expanding their number of outlets as well as offering both grilled and fried chicken to increase service quality and choice. Programs can also be designed using elements in DINESERV to improve the empathy dimension in fast food restaurants. Further research must however be done to explore the reasons why fast food restaurants are less successful in achieving empathy and also why people choose restaurants.
Developing women entrepreneurs: the influence of enactus networks on women- owned SMMEs in Kwa Zulu-Natal
(University of Zululand, 2018) Vezi-Magigaba, Makhosazana Faith
The extent to which women entrepreneurs interact with the entrepreneurial networks in their local environment as well as the impact that entrepreneurial networks bring to bear on the growth of women-owned Small, Medium, and Micro enterprises (SMMEs) during the process of developing their enterprises from 2005 to 2015 was studied. The research explored and described the socio-economic impact of Enactus (a student organisation that works with business leaders and academics to improve the lives of communities using an entrepreneurial approach) entrepreneurial networks on women owned SMMEs in the agricultural food processing sector in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. The justification for the study was that despite the growing number of women-led businesses and a significant increase in the number of initiatives, policies and resources designed to promote and develop women’s entrepreneurship have been insufficient. Women that have established SMMEs in South Africa have achieved limited growth. Based on those observations, the study explored the research question: Do entrepreneurial networks empower the growth of women-owned enterprises in developing countries? The Social network theory was adopted in this study as the relevant background theory in dealing with the research problem. Three key concepts are linked to this theory: women entrepreneurship, empowerment through networks, and growth of enterprises owned by women entrepreneurs. These key concepts were critically analysed, gaps explored, and links established and discussed in order to build the theoretical ground. The study utilised a cross-sectional and causal-comparative research design from the case study of 314 respondents sampled for this study. The sample comprised 234 women entrepreneurs, 8 key informants, and 72 programme-facilitators. Engaging in the Enactus networks was the independent variable. The growth of women-owned enterprises was the outcome of interest with the following indicators as dependent variables: an increase of business returns; an increase of assets; expansion of business (vertically or horizontally); an increase of household income; and participation in trade fairs. Measurement of the growth of women-owned enterprises was along two dimensions: economic and socio-cultural arenas. The study utilised an integrated mix of research approaches (qualitative and quantitative) and data collection methods. The study found that a high proportion of women entrepreneurs engaged in Enactus networks in KwaZulu-Natal had become empowered in almost all indicators. However, the translation of this empowerment into actual growth of women-owned SMMEs, for instance from small to medium enterprises, had mixed results; with just fewer than half of the surveyed sample indicating that they had moved from small to medium enterprises. The reasons behind resistance to change from small to medium enterprises were unclear. However, the majority of surveyed women entrepreneurs in the agro-processing sector showed a shift from micro to small enterprises. The study therefore concludes that there is a need to rethink strategies of networking to include both formal and informal entrepreneurial networks, as well as networking successful and young women entrepreneurs to enhance learning for change, and the growth of women-owned SMMEs in South Africa. In this light, the study recommended amongst others, engaging formal institutional structures and processes as well as changing women’s attitudes in an attempt to make entrepreneurial networks work for women to grow
Developing women entrepreneurs: the influence of enactus networks on women- owned SMMEs in Kwa Zulu-Natal
(University of Zululand, 2018) Vezi-Magigaba, Makhosazana Faith
The extent to which women entrepreneurs interact with the entrepreneurial networks in their local environment as well as the impact that entrepreneurial networks bring to bear on the growth of women-owned Small, Medium and Micro enterprises (SMMEs) during the process of developing their enterprises from 2005 to 2015 was studied. The research explored and described the socio-economic impact of Enactus (a student organisation that works with business leaders and academics to improve the lives of communities using an entrepreneurial approach) ntrepreneurial networks on women-owned SMMEs in the agricultural food processing sector in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. The justification for the study was that despite the growing number of women-led businesses and a significant increase in the number of initiatives, policies and resources designed to promote and develop women’s entrepreneurship have been insufficient. Women that have established SMMEs in South Africa have achieved limited growth. Based on those observations, the study explored the research question: Do entrepreneurial networks empower the growth of women-owned enterprises in developing countries? The Social network theory was adopted in this study as the relevant background theory in dealing with the research problem. Three key concepts are linked to this theory: women entrepreneurship, empowerment through networks, and growth of enterprises owned by women entrepreneurs. These key concepts were critically analysed, gaps explored, and links established and discussed in order to build the theoretical ground. The study utilised a cross-sectional and causal-comparative research design from the case study of 314 respondents sampled for this study. The sample comprised 234 women entrepreneurs, 8 key informants, and 72 programme-facilitators. Engaging in the Enactus networks was the independent variable. The growth of women-owned enterprises was the outcome of interest with the following indicators as dependent variables: an increase of business returns; an increase of assets; expansion of business (vertically or horizontally); an increase of household income; and participation in trade fairs. Measurement of the growth of women-owned enterprises was along two dimensions: economic and socio-cultural arenas. The study utilised an integrated mix of research approaches (qualitative and quantitative) and data collection methods. The study found that a high proportion of women entrepreneurs engaged in Enactus networks in KwaZulu-Natal had become empowered in almost all indicators. However, the translation of this empowerment into actual growth of women-owned SMMEs, for instance from small to medium enterprises, had mixed results; with just fewer than half of the surveyed sample indicating that they had moved from small to medium enterprises. The reasons behind resistance to change from small to medium enterprises were unclear. However, the majority of surveyed women entrepreneurs in the agro-processing sector showed a shift from micro to small enterprises. The study therefore concludes that there is a need to rethink strategies of networking to include both formal and informal entrepreneurial networks, as well as networking successful and young women entrepreneurs to enhance learning for change, and the growth of women-owned SMMEs in South Africa. In this light, the study recommended amongst others, engaging formal institutional structures and processes as well as changing women’s attitudes in an attempt to make entrepreneurial networks work for women to grow
Identifying risk management strategies of small, medium and micro enterprises in retail and manufacturing industries in Umhlathuze Municipality
(University of Zululand, 2021) Khambule Thandiwe Lungile
Small, Medium and Micro Enterprises are usually seen as an important tool for improving living standard. Considering the importance of SMMEs to economic growth, job creation and poverty alleviation, there is a need to train small business owners and managers and to expose them to risk management strategies that will promote businesses and reduce high failure rate. SMMEs are lacking when it comes to risk management knowledge and skills, which contributes to their high failure rate. In addition, South African education system is lacking when it comes to educating and training SMMEs on how to run their businesses successfully, especially exposing small business to risk management strategies for them to be able to respond to different kinds of risks. Given this background, this study sought to identify risks management strategies for SMMEs in retail and manufacturing industry focusing on uMhlathuze Municipality. The researcher used primary data for this study. The study adopted a qualitative method approach where data was collected through semi-structured interviews. Purposive sampling was used to select 12 SMMEs of uMhlathuze Municipality: 6 from the manufacturing and 6 from the retail industry. Data collected from the participants was coded and analysed using themes and content analyses. The results from the study showed that the risks faced by SMMEs negatively impact daily activities of small businesses and it also results in poor performance on SMMEs. Such risks include financial risk, resource risk, credit risk, reputation risk, inflation risk, and corona virus. Therefore, there is a need to assist SMMEs and improve their growth, as it was found that the strategies, they used to be inadequate in mitigating the identified risks. Whilst all SMMEs involved in this study reported to be faced with risks, not all of them had specific risk management strategies in place to deal with such. However, it was found that among the risk’s management strategies used by some SMMEs to fight risks are publicity and re-organizing. Use of private security, alerting customers about the price increase to ensure that they don’t get a shock or prices when purchases, insisting on deposit payments and sticking to cash transactions were some of the strategies used. Fewer SMMEs have insurance for their assets. Additionally, some of the selected SMMEs attribute their survival to getting sponsorship from government and private sector, and access to credit markets through short term loans. Sequel to the findings of the study, it is recommended that SMMEs should be given more assistance in education and training in terms of the different kinds of risks they are facing. lso, they need to be assisted with proper and quality strategies capable of keeping businesses protected and secured from risks, that will reduce risks.
The impact of the financial advisory and intermediary services act of 2002 on consumer awareness and financial service providers in South Africa
(University of Zululand, 2011) Ramchander, Manduth; Contogiannis, E.; Naidoo, D.A.
The financial services industry is characterized by product suppliers having more information than consumers regarding product features and services. The purpose of this study is to explore this information asymmetry with particular reference to the Insurance Industry. Financial advisors, acting as intermediaries, are charged with the task of resolving this asymmetry through mandatory disclosures demanded by regulation. In South Africa, the Financial Services Board (FSB) monitors, regulates and supervises the financial services industry through the Financial Advisory and Intermediary Services (FAIS) Act of 2002 (RSA, 2002) and The Code of Conduct (RSA, 2003) for Financial Advisors. This study distinguishes financial products from other products and highlights the need for disclosures regarding product features, fees charged and contractual limitations of financial advisors. The dissertation starts with a review of literature on asymmetric information, regulatory interventions and consumer literacy. The subsequent sections deal with the methodology used, followed by results obtained and analysis. Using multistage sampling a national survey was conducted to establish whether consumers: are knowledgeable of the features of basic insurance products; are aware of disclosures they are entitled to; and are aware of the consumer education initiatives of the Financial Services Board. The empirical survey also captures consumers’ perceptions of their financial advisor’s knowledge of financial products on the market. The extent of and the reasons for premature termination of policies are also established. A survey was conducted amongst a sample of compliance officers to capture their perceptions regarding the disclosure of fees that are charged by financial advisors; clients’ knowledge regarding the features of Life Insurance products; premature termination of policies and some general practices amongst financial advisors. The surveys were supplemented by an interview held with managers at the Financial Services Board.
Influences of teamwork on development of Employment and Labour Department in a Provincial Government: A case study, KwaZulu-Natal.
(University of Zululand, 2024) Nqojane, Vuyelwa
For organizations to improve performance, teamwork is often cited as important across all departments. However, according to Cheruvelil, Sorrono, Weathers, Hanson, Goring, Filstrup and Read (2014), many organizations struggle to enhance teamwork amongst employees in their operation because employees do not feel as though their colleagues contribute equally which leads to promoting competitiveness instead of mutual support .The main objective of this study was to investigate the influences of teamwork on organizational development using one of the governments department, that is the Department of Employment and Labour in the Southern KwaZulu-Natal Provinces as a case study because of the benefits of teamwork such as improving employee relations, interpersonal skills, organizational effectiveness growth, flexibility and quality of work life. The specific objectives of this study were to assess the influence of teamwork on the success of department development, to explore the influence of teamwork structure, productivity in the department, to determine the main factors contributing to team performance and department development with specific reference to factors such as, goals setting, roles, processes, trust and interpersonal relationships and finally to assess the role played by management in team development. In this study, different theories were applied throughout, such as GRPI, the T7 Model of team Effectiveness, Team Basics, the Hackman Model of Team Effectiveness, and Understanding Team Dysfunction because they assisted in help businesses and leaders understand how well their teams function and improve team building, management, and training to ultimately boost performance and accomplish shared goals. Each theory informed the study as follows, the efficient collaboration of high-performing teams to thrive. The GRPI model inform the study by helps leaders guide their teams toward success, identify operational issues, and work with team members to rectify them. The T7 Model of Team Effectiveness inform the study by assessing team members on their behavior and skills and measures the team itself against cohesion and performance goals. The Team Basics inform the study how the team works together and what work the team accomplishes. The Hackman model, inform the study by effective processes that enable information sharing, feedback, problem solving, and learning by team members. The Understanding dysfunctions of teamwork inform the study through absence of trust, fear of conflict, lack of commitment and avoidance of team accountability. The study adopted the mixed methods philosophy approach whereby using qualitative and quantitative approaches were followed. The design of the study was sequential exploratory design because is used when there is a need to further explain a set of quantitative data with additional qualitative information, for example if employees are questioned about their satisfaction with their job and then conducted interviews to gain more information about why they responded the way they did. The sample of the study was four labour centres out of 16 from KwaZulu- Natal in which the employees at management level and non-management level (junior and senior management) were targeted because that will lead to large sampling and will be time-consuming, and it will be able to provide adequate information for generalization. A total of 143 team members participated in the study. The sampling method adopted was convenience sampling technique because it was implementable, definitely easy and accessible to collecting data from participants and low cost. Data collection in the quantitative phase was the questionnaires because they are convenient to collect demographic information, personal opinions, facts, or attitudes from respondents and it also making the analysis process more efficient and less time-consuming to collect primary data. Data collection in qualitative phase was interviews because to explore the research subject and provide a more in-depth understanding of the phenomenon at hand and more broad and actionable insights. In the quantitative phase, data was analysed using descriptive statistical methods like mean, averages and percentages. In the qualitative phase, data was analysed using thematic coding and Qualitative Data Analysis (QDA) Miner software. Data were presented using tables and figures. The results indicated that the outstanding and common challenges in teamwork are poor communication, leadership and conflicts arising from team members. Communication and trust were critical to teamwork efforts. Ultimately, there was a strong relationship between leadership and communication toward organizational performance of the Employment and Labour Department. This study also revealed that employees’ performance depended much on the presence of job assistance at the organization. In other words, given the required support, the employees would perform their duty and would also plan for the development of the Department of government organization. The study found that for improvement in teamwork, roles and responsibilities should be clearly defined for every team member. It was recommended that the Department of Employment and Labour should build trust and respect within among team members and encourage clear, frequent communication, while giving teams autonomy in decision-making. Building a strong team, setting clear goals and showing appreciation are among the main actions necessary for improvement along with keeping employees informed of impending changes to their workplace.
Information asymmetry and obstacles on SMMEs growth in the rural Areas of uThungulu district municipality of KwaZulu-Natal
(University of Zululand, 2012) Nkonde, Sipho David; Contogiannis, E.; Vezi, M.F.; Kaaseram, I.
Information asymmetry is regarded as factors that affect SMMEs and issues hindering SMMEs growth which include management skills, market access and lack of training. This is supported by Rogerson (2008) that several challenges facing SMMEs development in South Africa have been unapproachable. Number of factors have been identified which relate to markets access and marketing, business management skills, training, finance and inadequate institutional support. The SMME sector is regarded as a potential employment creator and contributes significantly to the economic growth of South Africa. SMMEs have the major share of the development and almost half of the total employment in the economy. While argument still exists about the comparative contribution of SMMEs to the economy, this sector contributes a massive share of employment which contributes significantly in the economy. However, SMMEs are facing challenges that prevent them from growing, and causing a large percentage of SMMEs to shut down in their first two years of operation. This study aims to discover the information asymmetry and obstacles on SMMEs growth in uThungulu district municipality. An investigation was conducted among owners in all local SMMEs in the district to identify obstacles perceived as central to SMMEs growth. Structured questionnaires were used to collect data. The research findings indicate that lack of training and management skills are one of the challenges faced by SMMEs since the majority of entrepreneurs have only matric qualifications. The use of technology was also identified as an obstacle on SMMEs growth.
Investigating the role of performance incentives in driving performance in a faculty from a comprehensive university in KwaZulu-Natal
(University of Zululand, 2023) Mbukwana, Vincent Lindisipho
Rewarding employees for meeting the organisation targets is crucial in order to motivate staff members to improve their performance. This is supported by Landry, Schweyer, Whillans (2017) that rewards such as monetary and non - monetary rewards are omnipresent and essential in today's workforce. The aim of the study was to investigate if the incentive plans and recognition plans given to the employees at the University drive performance. This study intends to recommend practical incentive and recognition plans that can be used to drive performance. The study followed a qualitative approach where data was collected through interviews. An investigation was conducted with Academics in the Faculty of Commerce, Law and Administration on the role of Performance Incentives in driving Performance at a Faculty from a Comprehensive University in KwaZulu-Natal. The collected data was analysed using NVIVO. The overall findings of the study showed a strong link between performance incentives and employees' performance. It was found that financial incentives in the form of performance bonuses influenced the employees to work harder to meet the performance targets. Moreover, the study revealed that the possibility of promotion has made staff in the University to work harder because it leads to an increase in salar
An investigation into the implementation of e-learning in the Faculty of Commerce, Administration and Law at the University of Zululand
(2010) Chimbwanda, Doreen Vongai; Nel, K.A.; Vezi, M.F.
Electronic learning, is used to refer to computer based learning or learning online either via the internet or intranet. According to Brockbank (2002) e-learning is essentially the e-commerce of knowledge. This research focused on the e-learning programme that was introduced at the University of Zululand (Unizul) and the impact it had on lecturing staff and students of the Faculty of Commerce, Administration and Law. Literature generally states that the benefits of such a programme outweigh the disadvantages involved. To collect data survey questionnaires and a focus group were used. These were analysed using parametric and non-parametric statistics. Results revealed that the programme was poorly implemented and advertised at the institution as a proportion of the sample of lecturing staff and students did not know what e-learning was or that it was being implemented at Unizul.
An investigation of the effect of labour law concessions on stakeholders in Kenyan Garment export processing Zones
(2004) Kariuki, Simon Mwangi; Smith, N.J.
At the moment Kenya is experiencing high unemployment rates, over-reliance on unprocessed commodity exports, few foreign direct investment inflows and low technological capacities. The establishment of Export Processing Zones (EPZs) has been seen as a way of helping the country overcome some of these challenges. However, the incentives that have accompanied the EPZ scheme, particularly the ceding of labour legislation by the Kenya government to EPZ investors, has created EPZ employer-employee labour relations hostilities (a labour relations gap). The purpose of this study was to establish the state of employer-employee labour relations in Kenyan garment EPZs. This was done by establishing the factors that influence the perceptions of EPZ workers towards the state of their working conditions. This study further explored the effect of labour law exemptions on EPZ investors, their employees and the Export Processing Zones Authority (EPZA). It further explored the effectiveness of existing communication and dispute settlement structures in the EPZ workplace. The survey method was largely used to collect both qualitative and quantitative data. The respondents of the survey included EPZ employers, their employees and the EPZA. Three sets of questionnaires were used to collect data. One questionnaire was distributed to EPZ employers; the second to EPZ employees and the third was distributed to the EPZA. The collected data was then analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) program. The study found that the factors that significantly affected Kenyan EPZ employers and their employees* attitudes towards the state of their working conditions were*, age, gender, marital status, employment status, work section, leadership position in a company, salary scale and the location of an EPZ company in a public or private zone. The study also found that employment discrimination and the state of the working relationships in Kenyan garment EPZs had big employer-employee labour relations* gaps. Besides, the working facilities in Kenyan EPZs were relatively of high quality. The EPZ employer-employee training gap was found not to be large, while the employer-employee remuneration and interpersonal relationship gaps were found to be slightly above the acceptable levels. In addition, the study also found that employee strikes and negative publicity were the main problems EPZ investors encountered for being exempted from the minimum wage act and the factories act. Unions, politicians and Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs) were the major groups/organizations that censured EPZ operators for being exempted from labour laws. The closer EPZ investors are located to each other, the more they influenced each other's employer-employee labour relations. The findings of the study also revealed that EPZ employees found unions, the EPZA and codes of conduct as ineffective employer-employee regulatory instruments, although some employers found these three regulatory instruments to be effective. Apart from the existing EPZ employer-employee regulatory structures the three groups also consulted the ministry of labour, when they found it difficult to resolve employer-employee working conditions' related problems amongst themselves in the zones. Furthermore, the findings established that the majority of employee-employer communication in the zones revolves around wages. The majority of the EPZ employees channelled their working conditions' grievances to their employers via workers committees and strikes/go slows, while the majority of employers use workers committees and open meetings to address their workers. Regarding the effectiveness of their communication channels, the majority of the sampled employees indicated that their communication channels were effective. This is a view that their employers also concurred with. Finally, the study found that the three groups (employers, their employees and the EPZA) suggested that the use of general alternative EPZ employer-employee regulatory instruments (the government, NGOs, unions and institutions of higher learning), trade instruments (preferential trade agreements and codes of conduct) and other instruments (existing laws, arbitration and unions) could ensure that EPZ working conditions improved. The majority of workers indicated that their employer-employee working relationships could be improved with a better EPZ employment structure; improvement of employer-employee communication structures. Employees also felt that educating them on their labour rights, on the roles unions play, along with more EPZA support and better remuneration structures were required as basic working conditions that would be deemed satisfactory to them. To minimize employer-employee hostilities (reduce the employer-employee labour relations gap) the study has recommended that EPZ employers, their employees and the EPZA adopt a compliance measuring instrument, to constantly evaluate their labour relations gaps, adopt a step by step dispute resolution approach/system to solve their working conditions' problems and a higher productivity code of conduct.
Measuring Service Quality Delivered to Undergraduate Students in the Department of Business Management, University of Zululand
(University of Zululand, 2019) Enakrire, Blessing Omotejohwo
Purpose: This study examined the measuring of service quality delivered to undergraduate students in the Department of Business Management at the University of Zululand. The purpose was to conceptualise and have critical thinking of the services rendered to undergraduate students at the Business Management Department, and whether it is commensurate to the provision of modern facilities, and other resources used by lecturers on daily basis in the institution. Approach: A quantitative research design grounded on survey method was employed for the study. The census research approach was used to select 106 third-year undergraduate students at the Business Management Department. The survey used questionnaire as instrument to collect data from third-year business management undergraduate students. The targeted population was 106 third-year undergraduate students, and 106 questionnaires were administered to them. Of the 106 questionnaires administered, only 87 were received back, which was also used in analysis of the results for the students. Descriptive and inferential statistics was used for analysis of this study. Results: Findings from the study revealed that modern facilities were used to deliver quality services of teaching, research, and supervision of students. Many of the respondents attested to availability of physical facilities used by lecturers at the Department of Business Management, which are appealing to the undergraduate students. It revealed that the institution provides the students with adequate support in terms of bursary and reading materials in the library. Provision of adequate and qualified academic staff was observed to have helped and to have strengthened the services of teaching, learning and supervision offered to students at the Department of Business Management. Office space of lecturers was not big and adequate to facilitate discussion classes and group presentations when the need arises. The majority of respondents attested to adequate study guide materials at the Department of Business Management. Most of the lecturers are always willing, sympathetic and reassuring to assist students whenever they have challenges with their studies. The student population of the Business Management Department does not give the lecturers much opportunity and the time required for adequate and quality time for teaching, learning and supervision. The majority indicated consultation hours offered 2 by lecturers and tutors as another factor. Many respondents emphasised that they did not have challenges with frequent communication in written and spoken standard English language. Some of the students have issues with local languages such as isiZulu, isiXhosa and isiNdebele used as substitute, while attending to their studies as well as group work with fellow students. The results also indicated that respondents find it difficult to adapt considering the large numbers of students in classes, as this has some implications on their academic performance. There was no counselling guidance, which could help them if their lecturers, tutors and colleagues were unable to help with their academic performance or pursuit. Based on the findings, several recommendations were made which include: the need to have efficient, effective and quality services delivered on a regular basis. The need to have more recent and diverse materials that could meet the broad needs of the students. The need to have wide or adequate offices space by lecturers in order to facilitate the discussion classes and group presentations whenever they chose to do so. The willingness, sympathy and reassurance given to students whenever there is need, arises from strengthened and re-awakened effort of lecturers. Originality/value: Students were satisfied with the services rendered to them through available modern facilities used by lecturers. The credence made on effective and efficient services rendered by lecturers at different intervals in teaching, learning and supervisory roles. Improved consultation hours of lecturers and tutors could assist students’ inadequacy in study and materials required. The willingness and reassurance by lecturers and Department of Business Management to the students could strengthen and re-awaken their morals.
The perceptions of customers and grocery retail managers towards private label brands in the grocery retail sector within the eThekwini municipality
(University of Zululand, 2021) Ndlovu, Sbonelo Gift
The introduction of private label brands brought various opportunities and challenges for grocery retailers, however, over the years, these private label brands have often been greeted with mixed perceptions from customers; accompanied by certain skepticisms. This study aimed at identifying the current perceptions of customers and retail managers towards private label brands, with a specific focus on the eThekwini municipality. As a method of investigation, the convergent parallel mixed research methodology was employed, using both quantitative and qualitative research methods. Approximately 389 customers were systematically selected as a source of data. Meanwhile for the qualitative aspect, grocery retail managers were selected as a unit of analysis. SPSS version 25 was used to analyze quantitative data and content analysis for qualitative data. The findings suggest that customers are aware of private label brands and their existence in the South African grocery retail sector. They repeatedly purchase these brands though unable to trust them. Customers are still skeptical about the quality of private label brands when compared with manufacturer brands. The findings of this study suggest that South African grocery retailers need to pay attention to communicating with their customers regarding the private label brands that they offer. Also, they need to produce customer-centric private label products that will be better received and accepted by consumers.

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