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Crime in Mtunzini
(1974) Ndabandaba, Gabriel Lindumusa; Gouws, H.T.
The present investigation is a result of the following considerations which are of interest to the researcher: In the first. place, not much research has been conducted on the problem of crime among the Africans in South Africa. There is thus very little published material on this subject. Furthermore, the problem of crime among the Africans has up till now mostly been investigated by white• researchers, and in urban areas. While their efforts are highly commendable, one problem facing white researchers conducting research of this nature is that they have in most cases interpreted the criminality of the Africans in terms of their own standards. 1 Proximity to the area of research (Mtunzini) is another factor that has prompted the investigator to undertake this project.
Community work as practised by the Valley Trust
(1977) Nzimande, Siphindoda Victor.; Higgins, J.B.
The purpose of this study is to analyze and evaluate the approach to the practice of community work in a newly developing rural community. The Valley Trust, a social welfare organisation engaged in a health promotion scheme in a rural community is used for the purpose of the analysis and*evaluation. The study report consists of nine chapters which will be briefly discussed as follows : Chapter 1 : This is an introductory chapter which deals with the following aspects, viz.: motivation; objectives; method; and limitations of the study together with the method of presentation of the report. Chapter Z : In this chapter the community concept is discussed. Attention is paid to the analysis of the community concept, the rural community, and the characteristics of the rural community. Chapter 3 : Chapter 3 gives a detailed discussion of the key terms that are used in community work. These are : community organisation, community development and community work. Chapter 4 : This chapter deals with social work and its role in the newly developing communities. Particular aspects to which attention has been given are : the nature of social work; the focus and the contribution of social work activities in the newly developing communities; the role of the social worker; and the equipment of a social worker for rural community work in the newly developing communities. Chapter 5 : Chapter 5 gives attention to aspects of particular importance to social change. These aspects are : the prerequisites for building a community work programme; the.factors associated with the social needs and problems among the newly developing communities; planned social change and the role of the agent of change; and certain principles and factors to be taken into account by an agency involved in community work. Chapter 6 : In this chapter attention is given to an analysis of the community of' the Nyuswa Reserve. In this analysis points of particular importance are : the description of the Nyuswa Reserve and its inhabitants; the economic aspects of the people; the labour aspects; the educational aspects; social welfare services; communication means; and the tribal council as a unit of local authority. Chapter 7 : Chapter 7 deals with The Valley Trust, the social welfare agency involved in community work. Attention is given to the historical survey and the objectives of The Valley Trust. Further discussion covers the membership of the Association; the Management and administration of The Valley Trust; personnel and finances. Chapter 8 : This chapter gives attention to community work as practised by The Valley Trust. The discussion also covers the nature and range of services provided by The Valley Trust; the influence of the work of The Valley Trust; the evaluative remarks on the services of The Valley Trust. Chapter 9 : Chapter 9 deals with conclusions, recommendations and guidelines for the future.
A survey of Xhosa drama
(University of Zululand, 1978) Jafta, Dorcas Nompumelelo; Nkabinde, A.C.
This study is an attempt to give a survey of indigenous Xhosa dramatic expressions. The writer hopes to show that traditional Xhosa drama shares certain elements of this art with other cultures. In ether words, there appears to be certain universals that identify all dramatic art. Although the study mainly concerns itself with the analysis of indigenous forms of dramatic expression as found in oral tradition some literary forms of Xhosa drama are also discussed. The intention is to show how the literary forms have evolved or deviated from the oral tradition. The survey covers all the Xhosa speaking people of the Ngqika, Ndlambe, Gcaleka, Thembu, Bomvana as well as Mpondo, Mpondomise, Hlubi and Bhaca , Although the Mpondo, Mpondomise, Hlubi and Bhaca have distinct dialectal differences with the other Xhosa groups linguistically they, nevertheless , share Some common traditions with them because there is social interaction. They attend the same schools where Xhosa is taught irrespective of the dialect of the area. Intergroup marriages have also resulted in the intermingling of traditions. Basically all the rituals are common in all the groups except Umhlwayelelo (a health and fertility ritual) which is not practised by the Mpondo, Mpondomise, Hlubi and Bhaca. The “ingcubhe” (first fruit ritual) has not been discussed because it is only practised by the Bhaca.
The participation of the Zulus in the Anglo-Boer War, 1899-1902
(1978) Maphalala, Simon Jabulani; Haasbroek, D.J.P.
In order to understand the Zulu participation in the AngloBoer War and the Holkrantz murder in May 1902, it is essential to trace in broad outline the attitude of the Zulus towards the white settlers in Natal. the Governmell~ of Natal, the British Government and the Government of the S.A. Republic or those subjects of the Transvaal and Natal who becarne involved in the internal faction struggles in Zululand. The matter will only become intelligible by explaining the complexity of those policies which evolved from such contacts from the time of the arrival of the first white settlers in 1824 to the outbreak of the War in 1899.
Contemporary trends in marriage and its preliminaries among the AbakwaMkhwanazi
(University of Zululand, 1981) Sibiya, Isaac; de Clercq, J.L.W.
The purpose of this research is to probe into and describe in detail the various changes which have occurred in the courtship and marriage practices of members of the Mkhwanazi tribe of the oNgoye district, in KwaZulu, ever since they came into •contact with western culture towards the end of the nineteenth century. The point of departure in this study is the premise that as the entire cultural fabric of the tribe has been inter= acting with western culture for several decades, courtship and marriage have not been left unaffected.
The educative value of folk tales among the Zulu
(University of Zululand, 1981) Msimango, Peggy Busisiwe
The aim of this paper is to bring forth the educational value of folk tales as well as the relationship that existed between grandmothers and grandchildren. Education is an old phenomenon amongst Zulus. It existed long before the white man came with a formal type of school.
Role enactment of rural women : a sociological-exploratory study of role behaviour and its implications for rural development
(1982) Nene, Daphne Sbongile; du Plessis, A.P.
The study is concerned with the role of rural women in society. It focuses on a typically agricultural, grass-root community where the forces of traditional Zulu culture are still at work in family and clan relationships. This traditional way of life is retained and enforced through the most powerful institutions of religion and politics. Thus the authority structure and religious philosophy permeate interpersonal relationships giving them a character which is distinctively rural. Architecture, mode of dress, dietary habits and household settlement attest to the rurality of the community. This is an exploratory case study of a small section of a larger commu= nity, and which section represents the overall ~eneral character of the community. Although typically rural in terms of value and normative system, nevertheless it is already being steadily exposed to elements of an industrial society e.g. a money economy, agricultural technology, formal schooling and outmigration of male workers. We therefore see in this microcosm two forces at work - traditional as well as modern. The research population is representative of a traditional community in transition. The study focuses on role-behaviour of rural women and its implications for development. The research group is already partially exposed to the effects of rural development. To what extent their present role affords them meaningful participation and benefit from their community's changing status will be revealed with greater clarity as their particular role-behaviour,within their given environment, is analysed. With respect to rationale for choosing this particular group, we can argue that they are the most suitable respondents on whom to do research which focuses on rural behavioural patterns, on the one hand, and social change and development on the other. The population is neither totally isolated in its rural social system nor influenced by forces of modernisation to the extent that the basic cultural ~radition is effaced.
Traits considered important in the selection of a marriage partner among young matriculated blacks
(1982) Kunene, Stanley; de Vetta, H.M.
In several studies conducted mostly in the United States of America it was found that members of both sexes were attracted towards each other for different reasons. Traits mentioned in different studies are phy= sical attractiveness, material possessions and certain personality cha= racteristics, such as pleasantness, sociability, trustworthiness, etc. With regard to race and socio-economic status investigators differ. It was also found that males and females have different opinions on some factors and the same opinion on others. The aim of this investigation was to find out what young matriculated Blacks look for in a future marriage partner. The following hypotheses were formulated: (i) Males and females do not emphasize the same characteristics in the choice of a life partner. (ii) The choice of a marriage partner depends on the religious commitment of the prospective spouse. Uii) Social status plays an important role in the selection of a marriage partner. (iv) Physical attractiveness is regarded as an important charac= teristic in the choice of a life partner. (v) The tribal background of the opposite sex member is con= sidered important in the choice of a life partner. (v±> Having children is considered important in marriage. Cvli) Submissiveness of the wife is considered important in marriage. 'vlii) Home-making (domesticity) is considered important in marriage. To gather the relevant information, a questionnaire was constructed, consisting of thirty-six items in its final form. The methods of S.um= mated Ratings, and the Split-half coefficient were used to test the validity and the reliability of the questionnaire. The validated questionnaire was administered to two hundred first-year university students; ninety-one males and one hundred and nine females. The following conclusions were arrived at: (i) Males and females tend to emphasize the same characteristics in the choice of a life partner. (ii) The choice of a marriage partner does not depend on the rer ligious affiliation of the prospective spouse. (iii) The great majority of subjects expressed themselves against social class as a criterion in the choice of a marriage partner. (iv) Physical attractiveness is not regarded as an important cha= racteristic in the choice of a life partner. (v) The tribal background of the opposite sex member is not con= sidered important in the choice of a life partner. (vi) Children are considered important in marriage. (vii) Submissiveness of the wife is considered important in marriage. (viii) Home-making is not considered important in marriage. The findings of the study indicate that there is scope for future re= search, in which the views of urban and rural, educated and uneducated communities may be compared. Also, it is recommended that in a future study the causes of divorce should be compared with the traits considered important in the selection of a marriage partner.
The role of old women in Zulu culture : with special reference to three tribes in the district of Nkandla
(University of Zululand, 1982) Brindley, Marianne; de Clercq, J.L.W.
Old age is a neglected area of anthropological research despite the widespread interest in the human life cycle that has characterized much work within the discipline.- With the notable exception of the early pioneering work of Simmons, the anthropological literature on old age in preliterate cultures is sparse, with little attention having been devoted either to the collection of ethnographic data or to the formulation of gerontological theory. As Clerk observes: 'If one is to judge from typical anthropological accounts, the span of years between the achievement of adult status and one's funerary rites is either an ethnographic vacuum or a vast monotonous plateau of invariable behavior. Maxwell & Silverman hold the same opinion: 'Anthropologists have not, on the whole, shown much interest in ageing. With few exceptions, ethnographic reports seem to mention the. aged only in passing, if at all, and then only in the context of quite general statements. One of the reasons to which they attribute this neglect is the distaste with which old age is viewed in our culture. The aged tend to suffer from physical or mental disabilities which are unpleasant to contemplate; death is imminent; and the role of the aged in culture is ostensibly less distinctive than that of younger men and women.
The role of dreams for Zulu indigenous practitioners
(1984) Mfusi, Kingsford Sikhumbuzo; Edwards, S.D.
The present study has investigated the role of dreams for Zulu indigenous practitioners. This role is two-fold (i) significance of dreams in the personal lives of the Zulu indigeoous practitioners; for example, how dreams function to set the foundation for an individual's fate, how dreams establish a direct relationship between the dreamer and certain supernatural forces and beings that are considered to have an independent existence, and how the individual, in turn, acquires a creative, sacred power, (ii) significance of patients' dreams, in so far as the indigenous practitioners can make analyses of such dreams in order to effect a client's diagnosis; and also the indigenous practitioners' methods of such dreams' analyses. Subjects that were selected for the present study were Zulu indigenous practitioners from Ngoye/Dlangezwa districts who used dreams in their diagnotic and treatment methods. There were three categories of such practitioners, namely, the izangoma izinyanga, and abathandazi. The content of their dreams was analyzed by the technique of content analysis which involved classifying dream elements into three basic categories of natural, supernatural indigenous Zulu, and supernatural Christian religious. The procedure of data collection involved initial visits to each indigenous practitioner in order to establish rapport; and subsequent visits involved the actual collection of data. To achieve the latter, a list of questions that were structured in the form of a questionnaire was used. In addition, a structured dream by a confederate patient was taken to each indigenous practitioner for analysis. Analysis of this dream was judged by three independent judges (Clinical psychologists) in order to ascertain if there was any inter-practitioner consistency regarding the theme of analyses. Major results were that dreams have an important role to play in the personal lives of these indigenous practitioners, and that such dreams are supernaturally orientated, in the sense that they always involved a dreamer's encounter with a supernatural being usually the grandmother or grandfather, or a religious deity. Further, the indigenous practitioners were found to be consistent in their analyses of confederate patient's dream, as judged by three independent raters- The study also indicated that there is an urgent need of research to investigate the role of dreams for indigenous practitioners in depth. For example, it could be hypothesised that patients1 dreams might conceivably be analyzed in terms of individual symbols personally significant to the individual practitioner.
Zulu indigenous practitioners' diagnostic and treatment methods
(1984) Sokhela, Nhlanhla Wellington; Edwards, S.D.
As indigenous healers are so important to the health of many not only in South Africa but also throughout the world, a closer, scientific look at their practices is needed. Again, there is a tendency of the majority of South Africans (especially the Blacks) to consult both western oriented mental health> services and indigenous healers. Various prominent mental health professionals in South Africa have appealed that greater recognition be given to and greater use made of the skills of indigenous healers in the treatment of persons who could benefit from the services- It is for these reasons that this research on indigenous healing was undertaken. The purpose of this research was to investigate diagnostic and treat¬ment methods used by a random sample of indigenous healers from the rural Mtunzini district in Kwa-Zulu, and to ascertain whether there is any consistency (inter-practitioner) in their diagnostic and treatment methods. Twelve practitioners were each invited by a researcher and a confederate with a problem requiring treatment. Diagnostic and treatment procedures were tape recorded. Standardized data regarding diagnosis, cause symptomatology, treatment and prognosis, including practitioners' biographical data was collected. In order to ascertain inter-practitioner consistency, practitioners were asked to rank order six diagnosis and six treatment procedures ascertained to be the most frequently occuring among all twelve practitioners. The results emphasized the three distinct basic categories of Zulu indigenous practitioners viz. doctors (izinyanga), diviners (jzangoma) and faith healers (abathantfazi). Of these categories, the diviner deserve special mention as the results consistently portrayed her as a superior specialist e.g. an elderly, educated, female preserver and provider of traditional Zulu culture. Diagnostic and treatment procedures used by the practitioners were found to be based on dualistic levels viz. natural and supernatural. As suggested by previous studies and also supported in this research, more integration of Western and African oriented mental health subsystems was recommended.
The historical novels of Jessie Joyce Gwayi
(University of Zululand, 1985) Mayekiso, Amlitta Cordelia Theresa-Marie; Ngcongwane, S.D.
In the first chapter we are given the biography of Joyce Jessie Gwayi, including a section on her domestic position, her present occupation and her state of health. It is her state of health that has made it impossible for her to undertake any further literary work. This has been the worst drawback to the budding Zulu historical novelist. Here also a few writers of various Zulu books are reviewed. Most of these books found their way into the classroom because there had been no Zulu literature except the Holy Bible. This was so chiefly because, for a long time, schools belonged to missionaries whose primary aim was to bring the Christian Gospel to the Black people. Moses Ngcobo, Gwayi's husband, inspired her because, as a novelist, he had already written the historical work on the Xhosa National Suicide. Gwayi wanted to write about Dingiswayo Mthethwa, her ancestor, after discovering through research that the names Gwayi and Mthethwa were synonymous, used in the Transkei and Natal respectively. She discovered that Shaka Zulu grew up under the guidance of Dingiswayo Mthethwa and that after uniting the Zulu and the Mthethwa Tribes, he initiated a period of conquest. Gwayi seems to have been interested in this period which is known as "Difaqane" and thus used the Tlokoa Tribe, with its 'warrior queen', as the subject of her first novel Bafa Baphela, It was after the completion of this novel that she wrote Shumpu after which she wrote the third book Yekanini. The theme, structure and plot in each novel conform to the pattern as has been diagrammatically represented in the dissertation. There is exhibited a very well developed sunrise, noontide and sunset trend in each novel. /To To achieve this the novel must have a variety of characters. We find Gwayi's heroes and heroines behaving realistically, especially in view of the fact that some of them are real historical people. Both her simple and complex characters behave very much like ourselves or our acquaintances. There are characters central to the plot and also those who are included simply to enrich the setting of the story. Gwayi even has characters who are ancestors of living people. In Chapter Four, the milieu of Gwayi's books is discussed. Ancient people have a different culture from modern people so that as her characters lived prior to westernization, they conform to their environment. This aspect is obtained from traditional and oral history because Zulus were, up to then, illiterate. Attire, food and religion, however, remained largely unchanged for a long period of time. Ancestor worship, it is true, has been disturbed by the introduction of Christianity. On the military side it was Dingiswayo Mthethwa who regimented his warriors and Shaka Zulu who revolutionized the method of fighting by introducing a short spear (Iklwa). It is the style, language and technique that disclose the fact that the novels have been written by two people. (Gwayi confirmed this fact to the author.) The language in the first two books leaves much to be desired. For example, some expressions are used in such a manner that a non-Zulu reader may be confused. This is regrettable since Gwayi cannot now do anything about it. The language of the third book is good. The structure could have been Gwayi's, but Ngcobo so deftly manipulated the language that this book proves to be the best of the three. Ngcobo ends the book so conveniently that the reader becomes anxious to know what happened to Zwide Ndwandwe and Shaka Zulu when Dingiswayo had gone. It leaves the reader with a wish to read his next book, which deals with the conflict between Zwide and Shaka. It is unfortunate that Gwayi and Ngcobo do not revise and edit the books to the advantage of the future Zulu reader.
An analytic study of sonnets in Zulu
(1987) Mlondo, Anthony; Ngcongwane, S.D.
This study has been made possible by our desire to look into the feasibility and effectiveness of the Western poetic devices in the writing of sonnets in Zulu. In chapter one the aim of this study is clearly spelt out. We hope that at the end of the investigation, we shall come out with some suggestions and possibilities of a Zulu type of a sonnet, for, we feel that there was a reason for the English to choose a different style from the Italian. The second chapter deals specifically with the definition of terms. These include, inter alia, the concept "sonnet" as espoused by various linguists; iambic pentameter and the rhyme scheme. In chapter three we firstly defined the major characteristics of sonnets. These major structural features of a sonnet are clearly depicted in Kreuzer's (1955:224) definition of a sonnet, that a sonnet is: a fourteen-line lyric poem, in iambic pentameter, following one or more rhyme schemes. It is clear, therefore, that a sonnet should consist of fourteen iambic pentameter lines and should follow a required rhyme scheme. Furthermore, in this chapter, the two types of sonnets were briefly outlined, namely the Petrarchan or Italian and the English or Shakespearean. The fourth chapter dealt with the formal elements of the three selected poets* sonnets in this investigation, namely, Ntuli, Masuku and Nxumalo. We looked closely into the division into fourteen lines, the iambic pentameter as well as the rhyme scheme that is being followed. As we scrutinised all the sonnets, these poets have contributed, with regard to these three external structural features, we also paid particular attention to their significance, that is, whether they contributed anything towards the delivery and portrayal of ideas contained in each sonnet. Content in Ntuli's,. Masuku's and Nxumalo's sonnets is analysed in the fifth chapter. In our analytic study of content, we looked closely into what each poet was writing about - the proposition each was advancing or the story each poet was telling in each sonnet. We came across a variety of subjects ranging from those discussing death to those that were purely social and political, and those with a religious background. We also looked closely into the approaches and artistic devices which the sonneteers employed in the portrayal of the ideas in their works of art. We noticed that these ranged frcm the less effective straight-forward prosaic narration to the more concentrated use of vivid imagery coupled with the rich and well-chosen words and ideophones. In this chapter we also examined the effectiveness of rhyme in the portrayal of content. In chapter six we analysed Ntuli's, Masuku's and Nxumalo's sonnets with particular attention on the meaning that is conveyed in each of the sonnets they have contributed. We also looked very closely into the techniques the poets employed to relay the four aspects of meaning to the readers, namely, Sense, Intention, Feeling and Tone. We also examined the effectiveness of Masuku's rhyme in the conveyance of the meaning in the sonnets whether it was contributory or not. The possibility of a Zulu type of a sonnet is dealt with in the seventh chapter. The last chapter is the general conclusion where all our observations and suggestions are summarised.
An investigation into the availability and suitability of Zulu children's literature for lower primary school pupils of Mehlwesizwe Circuit as a prerequisite for the cultivation of a reading habit
(1987) Nhlanhla, Manana Margaret; Switzer, D.E.
Primary school children of the Mehlwesizwe Circuit, who are learning to read for the first time do not have sufficient reading material in Zulu. These books are essential to the formulation of proper reading habits and the stimulation of the desire to read. An investigation was conducted with all lower primary schools of Mehlwesizwe Circuit, South African publishers, all local bookshops and libraries to ascertain whether any appropriate books in Zulu were available for purchase or loan. Results indicated that few such books were available and of those found, 88 % were translations from other languages and were often unsuitable.1 Possible solutions and recommendations have been presented.
A historical survey of the abakwaMzimela tribe of the Mthunzini district
(1988) Mmutlana, Rufus Mokgotlha.; van Jaarsveld, F.A.
In the past a historical survey of' an African society was a very rare endeavour, because this field of historical research was erroneously regarded as being out of the scope of the historians. At the moment historians have no excuse, for there is an enormous amount of primary source materials waiting to be explored. These sources have been available, but they were not utilized due to the lack of knowledge. Due to the slowness of the South African historians in responding to the challenging demand of writing about the history of African societies, non-academic writers pioneered the process. With particular reference to this research, works of earlier historians like A. T. Bryant cannot be overlooked. In reviewing Bryant's work, "Olden Times in Zululand and Natal", Shula Marks pointed out that it is full of "unscientific assumptions and strong prejudices" As a result of this discovery Bryant's work had to be used with caution. It however remains the most valuable written source on early Zulu history.
Naming in the Mzimela tribal area
(University of Zululand, 1988) Mdletshe, Nonhlanhla Diligence; Ngcongwane, S.D.
Naming among Black people results from specific events that have taken place prior or after a certain occurence, for instance, some places and personal names, are named after some historical events and family matters that has taken place. The main aim in this research paper is to get and follow some few aspects that are used and considered by people in this area when naming things such as places, persons, praises, howesteads, drifts and other living and non-living things.
African culture and its influence on the hymn
(University of Zululand, 1988) Khwela, Princess Phiwakahle.; Nqconqwanc, S.D.
The aim of study is to motivate cultural heritage amongst Africans, to despise the past in their musical ability and be self-!'reliant and original instead of imitating the Western musical systems entirely.
A study of traditional Zulu names
(University of Zululand, 1988) Gumede, Khanyisile Maureen Thembelihle.
The study deals with Zulu names of people as a prominent culture trait of the Zulus. It is a universal pattern of culture that every newly born child IS given a name to identify his nationality, sex and also his personality from any other human being. Although this is common in all rlatlons, each nation has its own unique concept of dOIng it. For example in western countries names are maintained and used In the family generation, that is why we always hear of Elizabeth 11, George V, King Edward VIII etc. As a matter of fact the Zulus, like other nations, follow their own concept In naming their children. With them every person has a number of different names by which he/she is known at home and In the outside world. These names include the first name (which IS given to him/her at his/her birth or a few days after birth) ,his/her clan name and also other additional names he/she acquires as he/she grows up. These names are all given from a particular point of view and sometimes with a particular purpose In accordance with Zulu culture. These names are a subject of this paper.
Some aspects of assimilation in Southern Sotho with special reference to vowel raising
(1988) Mahlasela, Esau Mohlophehi Rramatsa.; Ngcongwane, S.D.
This dissertation treats Vowel Raising as a part of Assimilation in Southern Sotho. Assimilation as a concept in any language is a broad concept that includes consonantal and vowel- influences that have been juxtaposed. The influence may be between two vowels in juxtaposition i.e. [i] next to [e] produces [e] . [u] next to [ O 3 or E E 3 also produce the allophones of two vowel phonemes i.e. E C> 3 and EE3 respectively. In short, when close vowels are juxtaposed to open or semi-open vowels, raising will take place. Exceptions may occur sporadically. This study has been treated in eight chapters. (a) CHAPTER ONE Theoretical background and motivation to the study are given. An hypothesis that [ £ 3 and E J3 as allophones are non-semantic, is given. (b) CHAPTER TWO Common Bantu and Ur-Bantu are discussed. The aim is to trace how far they had influenced the development of the present Southern Sotho. Different types of Sotho v/charts are treated. (c) CHAPTER THREE The origin of the Vowel Charts in respect of the IPA is discussed. All what pertains to IPA alphabet and its usage is treated. (d) CHAPTER FOUR The Vowel treatment of I) P Kunene and D T Cole are critically discussed- The two are the great contributors to the study of Vowels in Sotho. (e) CHAPTER FIVE Southern Sotho Vowel chart is made from the research findings. (f) CHAPTER SIX The Concept Assimilation is treated in full. (g) CHAPTER SEVEN Vowel raising as a concept is fully treated. CHAPTER EIGHT i) In order to grasp Vowel Raising correctly an attempt at its codification has been done. This approach has contributed greatly to the. study of Vowel Raising. ii) In conclusion it has been discovered that [e] and Co] are phonemes identical with Cardinal vowels numbers 2 and 7. They are not the allophones of [E] and [a 3 as Kunene argues.
The attitudes of adolescents, parents and grandparents towards adolescent problems in a rapidly changing society
(1988) Nyembe, Boy Timothy; Edwards, S.D.; Nene, L.M.
The researcher's aim in this study was to identify and compare the attitudes of adolescents, parents and grandparents towards three adolescent problem variables. The researcher's point of departure was to review relevant literature on the generation gap phenomenon, adolescent premarital sexual relations, delinquent behaviour and the use of alcoholic beverages. A. Likert-type scale was constructed to measure the attitudes of adolescents, parents and grandparents towards adolescent premarital sexual relations) delinquent behaviour and use of alcoholic beverages. Three samples comprising 30 adolescents, 30 parents and 30 grandparents were randomly selected from the seven wards/ sections of the 42 Hill Location, Harrismith. Respondents were from the Zulu, South-Sotho, Tswana .and Xhosa ethnic groups. Illiterate and educated subjects were included in the study. The t-test and Chi-Square (ifi test results highlighted significant differences between the attitudes of adolescents and parents towards premarital sexual relations. The differences between the attitudes of adolescents and those of grandparents towards this variable were also significant:. The attitudes of parents and grandparents towards premarital sexual relations were not significantly different. These findings tended to support previous research studies which stated that parents and grandparents were traditionally more conservative in their attitude towards sexuality than were adolescents. Modern adolescents who lived in a society where sex was discussed more openly seemed to feel that they should engage in premarital sexual relations. It seemed the generation gap between adolescents and parents,and to a greater extent between adolescent and grandparent, had increased. Results indicated insignificant differences between the attitudes of adolescents, parents and grandparents towards adolescent delinquent behaviour. All three generations seemed to agree that modern adolescents acquired much information from their friends. In a modern rapidly changing South African society, traditional authority seemed to have lost most of its impact on the adolescent's bahaviour. Adolescents seemed to believe that parents had failed to change the socio¬political situation hence they had to take the lead. Parents themselves seemed to be puzzled and confused by the rapidly changing, contemporary, technocratic and violently divided society. Significant differences between the adolescent and parent attitudes and between adolescent and grandparent attitudes towards adolescent use of alcoholic beverages were indicated in this study. The insignificant differences between the attitudes of parents and grandparents towards this variable seemed to indicate that parents and grandparents were against adolescent use of alcoholic beverages. On the other hand, adolescents seemed to feel that they should indulge in drinking alcoholic beverages. In the modern South African society, adolescents saw liquor advertised on television and in literature and thus indulged in drinking alcoholic beverages. It was recommended that whatever the desired politico-social change, both parents and adolescents could be made aware that communication and dialogue between them are a sine-qua-non towards the solution and alleviation of their problems. Parents may be motivated to discuss with adolescents their views and feelings about premarital sexual relations and vice versa. The dialogue could be encouraged in public meetings, seminars, on television and radio. Parents could be encouraged to listen to the views of adolescents in order to guide them. Parents may be made to accept the fact that adolescents live during a time and in a society where they may express both their positive and negative opinions regarding certain issues. Community programmes such as therapeutic groups, youth clubs and recreation clubs could provide adolescents with an opportunity of expressing their views, developing their social skills and improving relationships with others. Information concerning problems that are associated with the use of alcoholic beverages could be made available to adolescents during the discussions and advertisements. The aim could be to assist adolescents to cope with problems and to feel happy without indulging in drinking alcoholic beverages.

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