The suppression of political opposition and the extent of violating civil liberties in the erstwhile Ciskei and Transkei bantustans, 1960-1989

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dc.contributor.authorShamase, Maxwell Z
dc.date.accessioned2020-01-15T12:43:52Z
dc.date.available2020-01-15T12:43:52Z
dc.date.issued2016-01
dc.descriptionPeer reviewed article published under Inkanyiso journal, Volume 8 Number 1, Jan 2016, p. 21 – 33en_US
dc.description.abstractThis paper aims at interrogating the nature of political suppression and the extent to which civil liberties were violated in the erstwhile Ciskei and Transkei. Whatever the South African government's reasons, publicly stated or hidden, for encouraging bantustan independence, by the time of Ciskei's independence ceremonies in December 1981 it was clear that the bantustans were also to be used as a more brutal instrument for suppressing opposition. Both Transkei and Ciskei used additional emergency-style laws to silence opposition in the run-up to both selfgovernment and later independence. By the mid-1980s a clear pattern of brutal suppression of opposition had emerged in both bantustans, with South Africa frequently washing its hands of the situation on the grounds that these were 'independent' countries. Both bantustans borrowed repressive South African legislation initially and, in addition, backed this up with emergency-style regulations passed with South African assistance before independence (Proclamation 400 and 413 in Transkei which operated from 1960 until 1977, and Proclamation R252 in Ciskei which operated from 1977 until 1982). The emergency Proclamations 400, 413 and R252 appear to have been retained in the Transkei case and introduced in the Ciskei in order to suppress legal opposition at the time of attainment of self-government status. Police in the bantustans (initially SAP and later the Transkei and Ciskei Police) targeted political opponents rather than criminals, as the SAP did in South Africa.en_US
dc.identifier.citationShamase, M.Z., 2016. The suppression of political opposition and the extent of violating civil liberties in the erstwhile Ciskei and Transkei bantustans, 1960-1989. Inkanyiso: Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 8(1), pp.21-33.en_US
dc.identifier.issn2077-2815
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10530/1889
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC192238
dc.language.isoenen_US
dc.publisherUniversity of Zululanden_US
dc.subjectTranskeien_US
dc.subjectCiskeien_US
dc.subjectsuppressionen_US
dc.subjectcivil libertiesen_US
dc.subjectbantustansen_US
dc.subjectOperation Katzenen_US
dc.titleThe suppression of political opposition and the extent of violating civil liberties in the erstwhile Ciskei and Transkei bantustans, 1960-1989en_US
dc.typeArticleen_US
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