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Browsing Law by Author "Erasmus, M.G."
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- ItemIndigenous peoples and their rights : with special reference to their land rights and the right to self-determination in international law : a comparative study within the South African land rights context(2000) Baloyi, Vulani Joy Gwendoline; Erasmus, M.G.The problem of land rights for indigenous peoples is one closely linked to the right of self-determination. A problem which poses a barrier to such right is the meaning of the adjective "indigenous". While it is commonly used to denote that the subject is simply native to a place, its usage in referring to indigenous peoples in the context of international human rights is narrower. A definition that has been proposed, and which is generally used as a working definition for the purposes of international action, is the Martinez Cobo definition. According to this definition, indigenous peoples are also classified as minorities. Other human rights closely connected to the right to land and self-determination for indigenous peoples are group rights, the right to existence, right to non-discrimination, the right to own culture, right to preservation of the identity of a group and the right to natural resources. Land dispossession does not only have a negative impact on indigenous peoples, but on all humankind and also on the environment. Indigenous peoples also want to share in the natural resources of their land. Modern industrialisation for the purpose of economic development has also caused damage to the environment and to indigenous peoples. The impact of landlessness is a problem which needs to be addressed. The right of self-determination is an important right for indigenous peoples. The five « manifestations of such a right are discussed in Chapter 4. Self-determination has both an external and an internal aspect. The problem of defining the term 'peoples' is said to be a barrier to the exercise of the right of self-determination by indigenous peoples. Self-determination is related to aspects such as decolonisation, equality, sovereignty, statehood, cultural integrity, secession, territorial integrity and autonomy. The relationship between self-determination, (and rights and natural resources is dealt with in Chapter 5. International institutions such as the United Nations and International Labour Organisations have intervened in trying to solve the land rights and self-determination problems for indigenous peoples. A comparative study within the context of the South African Law, covers the following aspects: 1. The historical background of land rights in South Africa. 2. The racial zoning of various parts of the Republic into homelands and the division of lands into locations, tribal-bought land, privately-bought land and Trust land. 3. The provisions of the Native Land Act of 1913 and the Bantu Trust and Land Act 18 of 1936. 4. Land Reform for Black Land Rights legislation towards such reform, and the provisions of the Freedom Charter of the ANC. 5. The Redistribution of land under the doctrine of Aboriginal Title. 6. Land Reform after 1994. 7. The provisions of both the 1993 and the 1996 SA Constitution Acts. Part li of Chapter 7 deals with the exercise of the right to self-determination in South Africa. The question as to what is a 'national self is considered as compared to the international definition of the term 'peoples'. Although the land rights and self-determination problem for indigenous peoples is a global problem which needs immediate legal attention, South Africa is also moving along with the provisions of various international instruments towards land reform. In search for a solution towards these problems, the effect of existing legislation towards land reform is analysed. It is clear that 'real' land reform cannot happen overnight.
- Item'n Analities-deskriptiewe uiteensetting en evaluasie van die KwaZulu wet op die wetboek van Zoeloereg 16 van 1985 =an analytical descriptive explanation and evaluation of the KwaZulu Act on the Code of alternate law 16, of 1985(1989) Buchner, Johannes Jacobus; Erasmus, M.G.The KwaZulu Act on the Code of Zulu Law 16 of 1985 is the continuation of a practice which commenced in 1878, with the aim of codifying Zulu law and custom. The KwaZulu Code is not a restatement of traditional Zulu law and custom. The Zulu community is exposed to influences and changes in relation to their way of life, perspectives on values and circumstances of life, and the KwaZulu Code apparently reflects the normative and other conceptions of the community in this regard. The KwaZulu Code regulates aspects of private law such as the personal status of citizens of KwaZulu, guardianship, control of family heads over family homes and inmates, conclusion, divorce and nullification of customary marriages, lobolo institution, status of wives, division of family homes into sections, affiliation of houses, and inheritance and succession. Other aspects that are statutorily regulated by the KwaZulu Code include, inter alia, public law, such as criminal law (offences against public order, authority, decency and morals, or in terms of the regulations in respect of customary marriages and cognate unions), and constitutional and administrative law (the relationship between the members of a' tribe and those persons who are traditionally in positions of authority, the powers in terms of public law of the authoritive instances, and the appointment of successors to deceased chiefs) as well as certain procedural •matters, and the practice relating to medicine men, herbalists and midwives. The structuralistic method which is applied in this dissertation indentifies each chapter of the KwaZulu Code as a separate entity with its own regulating provisions. Each section, or such sections in a chapter which can be grouped together, is subjected in chronological order to an analytic- descriptive investigation and evaluation,' and especially on the basis of the views, opinions and decisions of legal and ethnological literature and court decisions, interpreted juridically. A few sections have not been discussed by our legal writers, nor have they been subjected to judicial investigation. These too are interpreted juridically. Some of the provisions alter traditional Zulu law and custom drastically, for instance, the elevation of the status of Black women and the extension of their rights in respect of ownership, inheritance and succession. Consequently it is indicated whether existing provisions depart from or extend Zulu law and custom. In some instances it was found that contradictions exist between the Afrikaans and English texts of the KwaZulu Code. It is therefore recommended that where such contradictions or legal uncertainty exist, the relevant sections be amended appropriately. = Afri:Die Kwazulu-wet op die Wetboek van Zoeloereg 16 van 1985 is h voortsetting van Vi praktyk, wat reeds in 1878 rt aanvang geneem het, om Zoeloereg en -ge-bruik te kodifiseer. Die Kwazulu Wetboek volg nie tradisionele Zoeloereg en -gebruik slaafs na nie. Die Zoeloe-samelewing self word blootgestel aan invloede en verander-inge met betrekking tot lewenswyse, waardestelsel en lewensomstandighede, en die Kwazulu Wetboek weerspieel in die opsig klaarblyklik die normatiewe en ander opvattinge van die samelewing. Die Kwazulu Wetboek reel veral privaatregtelike aspekte soos die persoonlike status van burgers van Kwazulu, voogdyskap, beheersbevoegdhede van familiehoofde ten aansien van familiewonings en huisgenote, die tatstandkoming, egskeiding en nietigverklaring van gebruiklike huwelike en verwante verbintenisse, die lobolo-instelling, status van eggenotes, indeling van familiewonings in afdelings, affiliasie van huise en erfenis en erfopvolging. Ander aspekte wat deur die Kwazulu Wetboek statuter gereel word, behels, onder andere, die publiekreg, soos die strafreg (misdrywe wat teen die openbare orde, gesag, fatsoenlikheid en sedelikheid gerig is, of wat uit die regulasies aangaande gebruiklike huwelike en verwante verbintenisse voortspruit), en staats- en administratiefreg (die verhoudinge tussen stam-genote en persone wat in posisies van tradisionele gesag verkeer, die pu-bliekregtelike bevoegdhede van die gesagsinstansies en die aanstelling van opvolgers by die afsterwe van kapteins) sowel as sekere prosesregtelike aangeleenthede, en die praktyk met betrekking tot genees- en kruiekundiges en vroedvroue. Die strukturalistiese werkswyse wat gevolg word, identifiseer elke hoofstuk in die Kwazulu Uetboek as ft afsonderlike entiteit met sy eie reelende bepalings. Elke artikel of sodanige artikels wat bymekaar in ft besondere hoofstuk hoort en wat judisieel beregbaar is, word in kronologiese volgorde aan ft analities-deskriptiewe ondersoek en evaluasie onderwerp, en word ver-al aan die hand van die menings, opinies en beslissings van die toepaslike regs- en volkekundige literatuur en hofbeslissings, regskundig uitgele. Enkele artikels word nie deur ons regskrywers bespreek nie en was ook nog nie aan ft judisiele ondersoek onderworpe nie, en hulle word ook regskundig uitgele. Sammige van die bepalings verander tradisionele Zoeloereg en -gebruik ingrypend, soos onder andere, die verhoging van die status van swart vroue1 en die uitbreiding van hulle eiendoms-, erfenis- en opvolgingsregte. Daar word gevolglik aangedui of die huidige bepalings ft afwyking of uitbreiding van Zoeloereg en -gebruik is. In sommige gevalle is gevind dat daar teen-strydighede tussen die Afrikaanse en Engelse tekste van die Kwazulu Wetboek bestaan. In sodanige gevalle of in daardie gevalle waar regsonsekerheid bestaan, word aanbeveel dat die besondere artikels paslik gewysig word.